Polímeros superabsorbentes (SAP) en el hormigón

Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) play a significant role in controlling water within concrete throughout its lifespan. Water is crucial during mixing, curing, and hardening, but its exchange with the environment can lead to shrinkage, swelling, and potential cracking of hardened concrete. Superabsorbent polymers exhibit the unique ability to swell when exposed to water and shrink upon drying, making them valuable for water control in concrete applications.

One notable advantage of using Superabsorbent polymers in concrete is their ability to facilitate internal water curing. This process involves incorporating a curing agent within the concrete that acts as a reservoir of water, gradually releasing it as the concrete dries. This internal water curing promotes cement hydration and helps manage concrete shrinkage.

The impact of Superabsorbent polymers on concrete strength is two-fold. While Superabsorbent polymers can create voids in concrete that may reduce strength, their internal water-curing properties enhance hydration, thus increasing strength. The dominant effect depends on factors like water-cement ratio, concrete maturity, and SAP dosage. Generally, Superabsorbent polymers have little effect on hydration and may reduce strength at high water-cement ratios, whereas they can increase strength at lower ratios.

Superabsorbent polymers also contribute to reducing concrete shrinkage, which is a common cause of cracking. By acting as a water source, Superabsorbent polymers slow down or prevent water loss, mitigating shrinkage-induced cracking. Additionally, Superabsorbent polymers can be engineered to control air entrainment, improving concrete’s frost resistance and durability.

Furthermore, the addition of Superabsorbent polymers alters the rheology of fresh concrete, leading to changes in yield stress and plastic viscosity. This effect can be managed by adjusting water content or using plasticizing admixtures. Superabsorbent polymers also offer benefits in wet-mix concreting, allowing for precise control of slump without compromising long-term compressive strength.

Overall, the use of Superabsorbent polymers in concrete presents various opportunities for enhancing water control, strength, durability, and rheological properties, making them a valuable additive in concrete technology.